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HowacademicsandtHeirresearcHmakeadifferencetheSocialScienceSTheofSimonBaStowPatrickDunleavyJanetinklerIMPACTviSualiSingtheDataaSnapShotofthereSultSofalandmarklSeStudyintotheimpactofSocialSciencereSearch Welcome01Inthemodernglobalizedworldsomeestimatessuggestthataround40millionpeoplenowworkinjobsthattranslateormediateadvancesinsocialscienceresearchoruseinbusinessgovernmentandpublicagencieshealthcaresystemsandcivilsocietyorganizations.Yettheimpactsouniversitysocialsciencecontinuetobeercelydisputedandrelativelyunder-researched.IntheUKcontextlittleisknownaboutthescalediversityandoverallvalueouniversitysocialscienceresearch.ThispamphletgivesatasteroresearchromanewstudybyateamattheLSEPublicPolicyGroupthathasbeensponsoredbytheHigherEducationFundingCounciloEnglandHEFCEandwillbepublishedbySAGElaterthisyearasTheImpactoftheSocialSciencesHowacademicsandtheirresearchmakesadifference.WehavesoughttoputUK-baseduniversitysocialscienceresearchinproleandllanimportantgapinourknowledgeinthisarea.Universitysocialsciencenowplaysanessentialroleinthehuman-dominatedandhuman-infuencedsystemsthatarecentraltoourcivilization.TheempiricalocusotheworkismainlyontheUKalthoughourndingswillhavedirectrelevanceorothermajormarketsinEuropeNorthAmericaandinternationally.Usingin-depthresearchtheauthorsshowhowthegrowthoaserviceseconomyandthesuccessopreviousscienticinterventionsmeanthatkeyareasoadvanceorcorporationspublicpolicy-makersandcitizensalikenowdependonourabilitytounderstandourcomplexsocietiesandeconomies.Thisisalandmarkstudyintheevidence-basedanalysisosocialscienceimpacts.JointhedebatearoundthisimportantbookandndoutmoreabouttheImpactoSocialScienceProjectathttpblogs.lse.ac.ukimpactofsocialsciencesbookZiyadMararSAGEZiyadMararAsthepublisherothesocialsciencesSAGEhaspassionatelyadvocatedortheimportanceosocialscienceincreatinghealthymindsandhealthycultures.Sinceourinceptionin1965wehavechampionedtheseeldsoenquirythroughpublishingresearchstimulatingdebatethrougheventsandpartnershipsandadvancingthesediscussionsthroughcreatingonlinecommunities.Researchinthesocialscienceshasasignicantimpactontheworldinwhichweliveinormingnewpoliciesandpracticesandhelpingtoevaluatetheeectivenessoexistingones.Howeverbecauseothecomplexnatureothesocialsciencesthediversesubjectmatterandthewide-rangingnatureotheissuestheyseektoaddressitiseasyortheimpactothesedisciplinestobecomediuse.TheImpactoftheSocialSciencesHowacademicsandtheirresearchmakeadifferenceprovidesaninvaluableinsightintohowsocialscienceaectsusallandtoseehowitsupportsoureconomyoursocietyandsomanyotherareasoourlives.JaneTinklerjanetinklerPatrickDunleavyPJDunleavySimonBastowSimonJbastow TheImpactoftheSocialSciences20500NumberofpostgraduatestudentsatUKuniversitiesdoingresearchintheSocialSciences30700NumberofuniversityacademicsbasedintheUKdoingresearchintheSocialSciences4.8BILLION539MILLIONTotalestimatedeconomicvalueofSocialScienceresearchtotheUKeconomyValueofgrantsandcontractspaidtoUKuniversitiesforSocialScienceresearch850BILLIONTotalestimatedgrossvalueaddedtotheUKeconomyfrombusinessandcivicservicessectorsbothsectorswithhighrelianceonSocialScienceskillsandknowledgeatasterfromthebookatasterfromthebookHowacademicsandtHeirresearcHmakeadifference ThispublicationeaturesdatasetsromthesoontobepublishedTheImpactotheSocialSciences.Wepresenttoyouavisualtasteroourfndings.IntroductionWehaveestimatedthescaleanddiversityotheSocialSciencesincludingimportantareasocrossoverwithSTEMHumanitiesandCADdisciplines.ThroughoutwerefertothesefourgroupsofdisciplinesTheSTEMdisciplinesTheHumanitiesIncludingDesignArtFilmDramasomeformsofmediaandCreativeWritingIncludingthePhysicalSciencesincludingMedicineTechnologyEngineeringandMathematicsTheCADCreativeArtsdisciplinesTheSocialSciencesIncludingHistoryPhilosophyLanguagesandTheologySeeoppositepageforbreakdownofdisciplinesDataSources0604080711091312151416BreakingDowntheSocialSciencesLSEPPGanalysiso201011dataprovidedbytheHigherEducationStatisticsAgencyHESANumberofResearchStaffandPostgraduateStudentsLSEPPGanalysiso2010-11dataprovidedbytheHigherEducationStatisticsAgencyHESAResearchStaffintheSocialSciencesLSEPPGanalysiso2010-11dataprovidedbytheHigherEducationStatisticsAgencyHESATheEstimatedEconomicImpactsofUKUniversitySocialSciencesConsultancycarriedoutbyCambridgeEconometricsorLSEPPGEstimatedValueofResearchGrantsandContractstoUKUniversitiesLSEPPGanalysisoHESAdata201011AverageNumberofExternalSocietyandMediatingMiddlementionsperacademicLSEPPGdataseto370UKbasedacademicsHowDifferentDisciplinesBalanceAcademicOutputsandExternalVisibilityLSEPPGdataseto370UKbasedacademicsLinksbetweenAcademicDisciplinesandPrivateSectorOrganisationsConsultancycarriedoutbySQWorLSEPPGReviewofUniversityDepartmentWebsitesforLinkstoGovernmentorPublicSectorOrganisationsConsultancycarriedoutbySQWorLSEPPGReviewofUniversityDepartmentWebsitesforLinkstoCivilSocietyOrganisationsConsultancycarriedoutbySQWorLSEPPGAssessingtheFootprintofSocialScienceandSTEMAcademicsLSEPPGdataseto370UKbasedacademics03 SocialScienceSTEMHumanitiesCreativeSocialScienceshareOthershare100755025255075AcademicStudiesinEducationAccountingAnthropologyBusinessStudiesEconomicsHumanAndSocialGeographyHumanResourceManagementInformationServicesManagementStudiesMarketingMediaStudiesPlanningUrbanRuralRegionalPoliticsPublicityStudiesPublishingSocialPolicySocialWorkSociologyTourismTransportandTravelDisciplinesOperationalResearchStatisticsFinanceArchaeologyEnvironmentalSciencesInformationSystemsSocialPsychologyJournalismLawbyareaLawbytopicLinguisticsHistorybyperiodHistorybyareaHistorybytopicPhilosophyTheologyandReligiousStudiesArchitectureBreakingDowntheSocialSciencesWescopedtheSocialSciencestoincludecoredisciplinesbutalsoareasofstudythatcombineSocialSciencetraditionswiththoseinSTEMHumanitiesandCreativeArts.ThetablebelowoutlinesourblueprintoftheSocialSciencesthebasisforthedatainthisdigest.0404 TheSocialSciencesandHumanDominatedSystemsCurrenteconomicandtechnologicaltrendscallintoquestionthecontrastbetweennaturalorphysicalorhardscienceswithhuman-ocusedorsotSocialSciences.Insteadthegurebelowmakesathree-olddistinctionasollowsNaturalsystemsareaspectsothephysicalenvironmentthatdonotinvolveandarenotsignicantlyaectedbyhumaninterventionsandactions.WewouldarguethatinthissensethereareincreasinglyewsystemsacrosstheaceotheEarththatarecompletelynaturalandconsequentlythatitisonlyinastrophysicsthatscienticdisciplinesexistwithagenuinelyorullynaturalocus.Human-infuencedsystemsarebasicallyerstwhilephysicalsystemsonEarththatremainmostlyoressentiallyautonomousintheirmodeooperationbutwheretherearenonethelesssignicanthumaninterventionsoreortsatcontrol.Thedevelopmentoknowledgehereisotenocusedonwarningorpredictionsystemsandonormulatinghumanresponsesaswithclimateandweatherpredictionsoreortstopredictormonitorearthquakepressuresandtoormulateengineeringresponses.Human-dominatedsystemsencompassallthenumerousarteactsohumancivilizationcitiesmarketsorganizationsrmsgovernmentinstitutionsagriculturetransportandinrastructuresystemsITcommunicationsanddatasystemsallaspectsosocialandeconomicorganizationandissuescreatedandthehumanphysiologyandmedicalhealthsciencesinterventions.InthesetermstheSocialSciencesareprimarilycentredinthestudyohumandominatedsystemsbuttheircoveragealsospansacrossextensivelyintoHuman-InfuencedSystems.ItollowsthatthereisnosharpcontrastbetweentheSocialSciencesandmanySTEMsubjects-especiallymedicineandhealthsciencesITandinormationanalysisandengineeringandriskmanagementinalltheirorms.NATURALSYSTEMSHUMANINFLUENCEDSYSTEMSSOCIALSCIENCESHUMANDOMINATEDSYSTEMS05alsoincludesITEngineeringandMedicine NumberofResearchStaffandPostgraduateStudents67872STAFF53280STUDENTSCREATIVEARTSDESIGNWeestimatedthenumberofuniversitystaffandstudentsdoingresearchintheSocialSciences.30654STAFF20458STUDENTS15159STAFF6668STAFF4413STUDENTS12978STUDENTS700000STEMSOCIALSCIENCESHUMANITIES1500PEOPLE06 ResearchStaffintheSocialSciences0AcademicStudiesinEducationSociologyEconomicsBusinessStudiesPoliticsManagementStudiesSocialWorkSocialPolicyMediaStudiesHumanAndSocialGeographyAnthropologyMarketingAccountingHumanResourceManagementPlanningUrbanRuralRegionalTourismTransportandTravelInformationServicesPublicityStudiesPublishing1000200030004000PsychologyStatisticsFinanceArchitectureArchaeologyOperationalResearchLawHistoryPhilosophyTheologyandReligiousStudiesJournalismCORESOCIALSCIENCEDISCIPLINESCROSSOVERWITHSTEMCROSSOVERWITHHUMANITIES20102011Webreakthesefguresdownbyindividualsubjectareas.1100PEOPLE07 TheEstimatedEconomicImpactsofUKUniversitySocialSciencesWecommissionedtheconsultancyCambridgeEconometricstoestimatetheeconomicimpactsoUKuniversitySocialScienceresearch.Theheadlinefgurewasjustunder5billionannually.201020111.6bn2.7bn0.5bnDirectvalueValueaddedinSocialSciencedepartmentsIndirectvalueValueaddedelsewhereintheeconomyInducedvalueValueaddedthatisstimulatedbyspendingfromwagesforacademicsandotherstaff4.8bnTotalvalueortheUKeconomy08 EstimatedValueofResearchGrantsandContractstoUKUniversities20102011UKCivilSo838UKGovernment622mUKIndustry224mNon-UKGovernment293m106mNon-UKCivilSociety122mNon-UKIndustry111mOther3744mTOTALAMOUNTSTEMScienceTechnologyEngineeringandMaths8HumaNonNon-UKGovT09 GovernmentResearchCouncilsiety1428m539mTOTALAMOUNTSocialScience144mUKGovernment47mUKIndustry15mNon-UKCivilSociety90mNon-UKGovernment15mNon-UKIndustry37mOther138mGovernmentResearchCouncils53mUKCivilSocietymities45mGovernmentResearchCouncils19mUKCivilSociety4mUKGovernment1mUKIndustry3mUKCivilSociety6mrnmentmther32mCreativeArtsDesign45mGovernmentResearchCouncils19mUKCivilSociety4mUKGovernment1mUKIndustry3mNon-UKCivilSociety6mNon-UKGovernment4mOtherTALAMOUNTTOTALAMOUNTBISResearchCouncilsTheRoyalSocietyBritishAcademyandTheRoyalSocietyofEdinburghGovernmentaccountsforapproximatelyonehalfoftheexpenditureonallresearchgrantsandcontractstoUKSocialSciences.1inevery10poundsofgrantsandcontractfundingofSocialScienceresearchcomesfromUKandinternationalindustry. AssessingtheFootprintofSocialScienceandSTEMAcademicsWerandomlysampled370researchacademicsbasedatUKuniversities270fromtheSocialSciencesand100fromtheSTEMsciencesforcomparison.WeusedthesearchengineGoogletoevaluatetheextenttowhichtheyortheirworkwerementionedbydifferenttypesoforganisationintheUKandabroad.Werecordedallreferencestoouracademicsandallocatedthemintodifferentcategories.ThebreakdownforSocialScienceandSTEMareshownbelow.MediatingMiddleTraditionalAcademicExternalSocietySTEMSOCIALSCIENCES201862163450AllGovernmentandPublicServicesCivilSocietyandIndividualsResearchInstitutesandThinkTanksProfessionalandLearnedSocieties2LibrariesandOnlineRepositoriesAcademicPublishersandJournalsUniversityResearchCentresCoreUniversityDepartmentsMediaandPressPrivateSectorandCommercialAllGovernmentandPublicServicesCivilSocietyandIndividualsResearchInstitutesandThinkTanksProfessionalandLearnedSocietiesAcademicNetworksLibrariesandOnlineRepositoriesAcademicPublishersandJournalsUniversityResearchCentresCoreUniversityDepartmentsMediaandPress11PrivateSectorandCommercial2AcademicNetworks11IntermsofexternalvisibilitythepictureatthelevelofindividualsisbroadlycomparablealthoughSTEMscientistsworkismoreintermediatedthanforSocialScience.ReferencestoSTEMscientistsweretwiceasfrequentlyfoundonthewebsitesofmediatingbodiessuchasprofessionalassociationsandlearnedsocieties. AverageNumberofExternalSocietyandMediatingMiddlementionsperacademicAnthropologyPsychologyGeographySocialPolicyPhilosophyHistoryCommunicationsandMediaStudiesSociologyLawPoliticalScienceChemistryBusinessandManagementPhysicsEngineeringEconomicsMedicineComputerScience6.69.13.41.23.41.213.25.84.81.88.97.34.20.87.814.19.11.20.69.47.11.91.66.75.13.51.410.99.98.41.41.311.93.15.21.56.45.83173.63.71.216.42.62.32.49.62.43.716.32.62.61.310.92.32.41.710.81.91.51.29.51.11.10.5ExternalmentionsfromBCivilSocietyandIndividualsCInternationalandUKGovernmentDPrivatesectorTradeAssociationsAMediatingMiddlementionsfromProfessionalLearnedSocietiesThinkTanksResearchNetworksandMediaPressABCDSTEMSocialScience12 HowDifferentDisciplinesBalanceAcademicOutputsandExternalVisibilityAnthropologyPsychologyGeographySocialPolicyHistoryPhilosophyCommunicationsMediaStudiesSociologyLawPoliticalScienceChemistryEconomicsBusinessandManagementPhysicsEngineeringMedicineComputerScienceandITForeachoourdisciplineswecomparedtheaveragenumberocitationsperoutputwiththeaveragenumberoexternalmentions.Inthetoprowwefnddisciplinesinwhichaverageexternalmentionsarecomparativelylargerthanacademiccitations.Aswemovedowntherowswefndcomparativelymoreacademiccitationsthanexternalmentions.AveragenumberoexternalmentionsperacademicAveragenumberocitationsperarticleSTEMSocialScience13Forexamplethewideronecircleisovertheotherthegreatertheorientationtowardsacademicmentionorexternalcitationthedisciplineappearstobe. IndustrialEngineeringandUtilityConsultingandBusinessServicesBioscienceFinancialServicesandInsuranceOtherincl.ProfessionalAssocs.LawandLegalServicesRetailandProductsMediaMarketingandCreativeICTandTechnologyLinksbetweenAcademicDisciplinesandPrivateSectorOrganisationsWecommissionedtheconsultantsSQWtoreviewUKUniversitydepartmentalwebsitesandcodealllinksandreferencesmadetoexternalorganisationsinBusinessGovernmentandCivilSocietysectors.WeweightedtheselinksaccordingtosizeandimportanceandformulatedapictureofinteractionsbetweenUKUniversitySocialScienceandexternalstakeholdersinsociety.SOCIALSCIENCESTEM5128431212101142998252017656106221oflinkstotypeoforganisation--PrimaryandManufacturingServicesSectorIwaschattingtoaSocialScienceacademicfromtheStatesthreeorfourmonthsago.HeventuredtheopinionthatoneoftheissueswehavehereisthatintheUSacademicstendtodoresearchwithbusiness.IntheUKtheydoresearchaboutbusiness.Andthatisquiteanimportantdistinction.SENIOROFFICIALFROMAUKBUSINESSASSOCIATION14SocialScienceresearchlinksareconsistentlyfoundacrossawiderangeofBusinesssectorsServicesandManufacturing.STEMresearchseemsmoreconcentratedinparticularsectorsandareas. ReviewofUniversityDepartmentWebsitesforLinkstoGovernmentorPublicSectorOrganisationsABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQMedicineSocialPolicyEconomicsLawBusinessandManagementEngineeringGeographyComputerScienceSociologyChemistryPsychologyPoliticalSciencePhysicsCommunicationandMediaAnthropologyHistoryPhilosophyABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQDiscipline7.55.23LocalandRegionalUKGovernmentPublicSectorOrganisationsCentralUKGovernmentEUandInternationalGovernance5.23.91.24.91.31.92.41.26.46.57.15.24.64.723.83.72.82.221.92.713.14.141.64.32.35.32.82.73.11.61.6115ThesevisualisationsdisplaytheaveragenumberofreferencesfoundonUniversitydepartmentalwebsitestodifferenttypesoforganisationandsector.Thelargertheradiusthegreatertheaveragenumberofreferencesforeachdiscipline. ReviewofUniversityDepartmentWebsitesforLinkstoCivilSocietyOrganisationsABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQSocialPolicyMedicineHistoryAnthropologyLawPoliticalScienceEngineeringEconomicsPsychologyBusinessManagementPhilosophySociologyChemistryGeographyComputerScienceCommunicationMediaPhysicsABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQDisciplineCulturalandHeritagebodiesPublicSectorOrganisationsDomesticCharitiesResearch-orientedbodiesInternationallyrecognisedCharities6.91.67.21.24.23.53.61.71.61.42.41.61.51.12.71.41.912.11.12.21.72.411.11.11.31.2IveworkedinbothpolicyandcampaigningItotallyagreewithyouforusthewordiscredibilitythatswhyweuseacademicresearchandIthinkweuseitinlotsofdifferentways.INTERNATIONALNGORESEARCHDIRECTOR16 AdvertisementJointheinternationalsocialscienceconversationInassociationwithBlogsPodcastsVideosTeachingResourcesSocialScienceBiteswww.socialsciencebites.comwww.socialsciencespace.comImagineitherewasaplacewhereyoucouldgoasasocialscienceresearcherorateachertoshareissuesorchallengesandengageinseriousdebateReadblogsorfndteachingresourcesvideopodcastsandmoreAndallthisendorsedbysomeotheworldsleadingsocialscienceassociations TheimpactagendaissettoshapethewayinwhichsocialscientistsprioritisetheworktheychoosetopursuetheresearchmethodstheyuseandhowtheypublishtheirfndingsoverthecomingdecadebuthowmuchiscurrentlyknownabouthowsocialscienceresearchhasmadeamarkonsocietyBasedonathreeyearresearchprojectstudyingtheimpacto370UK-basedacademicsonbusinessgovernmentandcivilsocietysectorsthisgroundbreakingnewbookundertakesthemostthoroughanalysisyetohowacademicresearchinthesocialsciencesachievespublicpolicyimpactscontributestoeconomicprosperityandinormspublicunderstandingopolicyissuesaswellaseconomicandsocialchanges.TheImpactoftheSocialSciencesaddressesandengageswithkeyissuesincludingidentiyingwaystoconceptualiseandmodelimpactinthesocialsciencesdevelopingmoresophisticatedwaystomeasureacademicandexternalimpactsosocialscienceresearchexplaininghowimpactsromindividualacademicsresearchunitsanduniversitiescanbeimproved.Itwillbeessentialreadingorresearchersacademicsandanyoneinvolvedindiscussionsabouthowtoimprovethevalueandimpactoundedresearch.SimonBastowisSeniorResearchFellowattheLondonSchooloEconomics.PatrickDunleavyisProessoroPoliticalScienceandPublicPolicyChairattheLondonSchooloEconomics.JaneTinklerisResearchFellowattheLondonSchooloEconomics.January2014312pagesPaperback978144627510819.99ToorderacopyothebookPPreegotowww.sagepub.co.ukimpactJointhedebatearoundthisimportantbookandfndoutmoreabouttheImpactoSocialScienceProjectathttpblogs.lse.ac.ukimpactosocialsciencesbook